World Economic Forum Report on Pakistan

WEF (World Economic Forum) has declared Pakistani Economical condition as critical. The forum stated that though Pakistan has improved its Micro Economical condition, but the overall situation is not hopeful.

 According to WEF, Pakistan has improved competitiveness ranking from 133 to 129, however the country didn’t manage to show progress in all fields. The report stated that Pakistan ranked at 142 in basic requirements, 77 in terms of innovation and sophistication and 104 in terms of efficiency enhancers.

Further report stated that almost 25% Pakistani Children haven’t access to even Primary education, while labor market is also facing crisis.

Pakistan is ranked at 140 out of 144 countries in terms of participation of women in economy, in terms of access of public to ICT (Information & Communication Technologies), Pakistan is ranked at 114 position.

 However Pakistan has improved its position in fields of Financial Market Development (67) and 30 in terms of Market Size.

Initial Difficulties at the Establishment of Pakistan

Initial Difficulties at the Establishment of Pakistan

PREFACE:
The emergence of Pakistan,after a long and ardous freedom movement,was infact a great victory of the democratic idea of life.The Indian Muslims happily and valiantly laid down their lives and properties to achieve a destination in which they saw the fulfillment of their dreams of living an independent life fre from Hindu or British dominance.Quaid-e-Azam on 15th August ,1947 said:
"My thoughts are with those valiant fighters in our cause who readily sacrificed all they had,including their lives,to make Pakistan possible."

INITIAL DIFFICULTIES OF PAKISTAN
From its very inception,Pakistan faced a large number of problems.Some of the initial difficulties were:
1.Choice of Capital and Establishment of Government
The first problem that Pakistan had to face was to choose a capital to form a Government and to establish a secretariat,Karachi was chosen as the capital of Pakistan.Quaid-e-Azam took the office of the Governor General ,Liaqat Ali Khan was appointed as Prime Minister and a Cabinet of experienced persons was selected.Arrangements were to be made to bring the officials who had opted for Pakistan from Delhi to Karachi.
2.Unfair Boundary Distrbution
A boundry commission was set up under a British Chairman,Sir Cyril Redcliff.He misused his powers and handed over Muslim majority areas like Gurdaspur,Ferozpur,Jullander to India hence providing them a gateway to Kashmir.Quaid-e-Azam called it:
" An unjust,incomprehensible and even perverse award."
3.The Massacre of Muslim Refugees in India
On the birth of Pakistan,Hindus and Sikhs became more furious.In a planned move,Muslim properties were set on fire and they were compelled to leave Bharat for Pakistan with nothing but their lives.Millions of refugees were killed before they reached Pakistan.Many migrants were looted and had to be provided boarding immediately as they reached Pakistan.
4.Division of Military and Finantial Assets
In order to embarrass Pakistan financially ,India did a lot of dishonesty in the matters of Pakistan which were concerned with its benefits.Pakistan was promised to get Rs.750 million but the Bharat Government refused to give .Pakistan received only 200 million .Pakistan also did not receive the due share of the military assets.This dishonest attitude put Pakistan into great difficulties.
5.Canal Water Dispute
Most of the river flowing in Pakistan have their origin in India.In 1948,india stopped water supply to Pakistani canals to damage the Pakistani agriculture.However on 9th September ,1960 on agreement called "Indus Basin Treaty" was signed between the two countries.
Kashmir Dispute
Kashmir dispute is the most important and unsolved problem.Kashmir is the natural part of Pakistan becaouse at the time of partition 85% of the Kashmir's total population was Muslim.The Hindu dogra rule ,who was secretly with the Govenment of Indiadeclared Kashmir as a part of India.Pakistan has continously insisted that Kashmir must get their right of self determination but due to non-coperation of India,Kashmir issue still remain unsolved.
7.Constitutional Problem
The constituent assembly failed to frame a constitution even in eight years.Lack of a permanent constitution created ,chances of unsrupulous interference in democratic progress of Pakistan.
8.Annexation of Princely States
All Indian princely states were given the right to link up with either of dominions.However,the fate of following states remained undecided.
Junagadh
The Muslim Nawab governing junagadh favoured in acceding to Pakistan.But Indian Government sent Army troops towards Junagadh and occupied the stste by force in November,1947.
Hyderabad Deccan
Hyderabad Deccan was the largest and richest state ruled by Muslim ruler Nizam who decided to remain independent.But pressure tactics began to be applied by Indian Government and Mount Batten .India attacked Hyderabad on 13th September 1948 and forcibly annexed this state to India.
9.Electrcity Problem
Due to transfer of Muslim majority areas to Bharat and unfair demarcation,electricity system of West Punjab was disrupted ,because all power stations were at Mundi,a predominantly Muslim majority area,gifted to Bharat but Quiad-e-Azam said:
"If we are to exist as a nation ,we will have to face the problems with determination and force."

CONCLUSION
Pakistan came into being as a free Muslim state in quite unfavourable circumstances .It had no resources ,it had no resources,it had to build up its administrative machinery from a scratch.But Supreme efforts were made by the Quiad-e-Azam and his colligues to grapple with the situation .His golden principles "Unity " "Faith" and "Discipline" gave way to Pakistan for a bright future of a strong and well developed country .In his last message to the nation on 14th August 1948,he told the nation:
"The foundation of your state have been laid and it is now for you to build and build as quickly and as you can."

Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan

On October 7, 1958, President Iskander Mirza abrogated the Constitution and declared Martial Law in the country. This was the first of many military regimes to mar Pakistan’s history. With this step, the Constitution of 1956 was abrogated, ministers were dismissed, Central and Provincial Assemblies were dissolved and all political activities were banned. General Muhammad Ayub Khan, the then Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, became the Chief Martial Law Administrator. The parliamentary system in Pakistan came to end. Within three weeks of assuming charge on October 27, 1958, Iskander Mirza was ousted by General Ayub Khan, who then declared himself President.
General Ayub Khan gave himself the rank of Field Marshal. Corruption had become so widespread within the national and civic systems of administration that Ayub Khan was welcomed as a national hero by the people.
Soon after coming to power, the new military government promised that they would carry out reforms in the entire government structure and would cleanse the administration of the rampant corruption. A thorough screening process of all government servants was conducted and service records were closely scrutinized. Public servants were tried for misconduct by tribunals consisting of retired judges of the Supreme Court or High Court. If charges were proven, disciplinary action such as dismissal or compulsory retirement of the public servant could take place. A public servant could also be disqualified from holding any public office for 15 years.
About 3,000 officials were dismissed and many others were reduced in rank as a result of these measures. The rest of the government servants were provided with an incentive to working hard. Similarly, a law called the Elective Bodies Disqualification Order, popularly known as E. B. D. O., was promulgated for the disqualification of politicians. Under this law, a person could be disqualified from being a member of any elective body till December 31, 1966. Under this harsh law, several politicians like Suhrawardy and Qayyum Khan were disqualified. The E. B. D. O., particularly its application, was severely criticized in the legal and political circles throughout Pakistan.
After taking over, Ayub Khan focused on the long-standing question of land reforms in West Pakistan. The land reforms included the reduction of land ceiling to 1,000 acres for non-irrigated land and 500 acres for irrigated land and with ownership rights granted to the tenants. The land in excess of these limits was taken over by the government to be distributed amongst the deserving persons.
Ayub Khan also introduced a comprehensive scheme of local government, popularly known as Basic Democracies. This scheme was enforced through the Basic Democracies Order on October 27, 1959. Basic Democracies was a pyramidal plan enabling the people to directly elect to Local Council men they knew, who would in turn elect the upper tier of the administration. Altogether there were 80,000 Basic Democrats elected. To lend legitimacy to his rule, Ayub Khan used the Basic Democrats as an electoral college, holding a referendum to seek a mandate to continue in office as President and to have the authority to frame the future Constitution of Pakistan.
The referendum held on February 14, 1960, asked the voters “if they had confidence in President Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan, Hilal-i-Jurat?” With the results of the referendum, Ayub Khan was elected not only as President of Pakistan for five years, but also got the mandate to give Pakistan a Constitution of his choice.
Ayub Khan set up a Constitution Commission which was not only given the responsibility to make recommendations on the future Constitution, but was also to examine the causes of failure of parliamentary government in Pakistan. The report of the Constitution Commission was presented to Ayub Khan on May 6, 1961. Ayub Khan was not satisfied by the findings. The 1962 Constitution was very different from the recommendation of the Constitution Commission, as Ayub Khan favored a presidential form of government. The 1962 Constitution was promulgated on March 1. This ended the three-and-a-half-year Martial Law regime of Ayub Khan. A civilian constitutional government under Ayub Khan replaced his previous military regime.

Poverty

Definition
A situation in which a person or household lacks the resources necessary to be able to consume a certain minimum basket of goods. The basket consists either of food, clothing, housing and other essentials (moderate poverty) or of food alone (extreme poverty).The most common method used to define poverty is income-based.

Poverty Condition in Pakistan
Poverty has been one of the biggest problems that Pakistan faces today. It is rightly said that poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. Nearly 60 per cent of the population of Pakistan lives in villages. According to an analysis, poverty has increased roughly from 30% to 40% during the past decade. It means that 40 per cent of the country’s population is earning their livelihood below the poverty line. In such condition people are depressed of their basic necessities of life. Proper education and medicine are becoming distant from them. They are forced to think of their survival only of due to poverty and unemployment, parents instead of sending their children to schools, prefer child labor for them. They make them do so to support their family and use them as earning hands from the early age.

Principle of foreign policy

Guiding Principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy

Following are the basic principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy


1. Protection of Freedom and Sovereignity

Pakistan came into being after great sacrifices of million of Muslims. Like any other country, she also considers with deep regard the need for preservation of its independence and does not allow any country to harm its freedom. Therefore, the principle of protection of independence and sovereignity is the corner stone of Pakistan's Foreign Policy.


2. Cordial Relations with Muslim Countries

Pakistan always tries to establish cordial and friendly relations with Muslim countries. It has always moved its concern against Israel, India and U.S.S.R capturing Palestine, Kashmir and Afghanistan respectively. She has shouldered high responsibilities and used her influence for safeguarding the rights of the Muslims. Pakistan is also an active member of the Islamic Conference.


3. Non-Interference in Internal Affairs of Other Countries

Pakistan has sought to establish normal and friendly relations with all countries especially in neighbouring countries, on the basis of universally acknowledge the principle of national sovereignity, non use of force, non-interference in the internal affairs of states.


4. Implementation of U.N Charter

Pakistan's policy is to act upon UN charter and to support all moves by the UN to implement it. Pakistan has been the member of UN since the year of its birth.


5. Promotion of World Peace

Pakistan's policy is to promote peace among nations. It has no aggressive designs against any country. Neither does it support any such action. Pakistan has always held that the international disputes should be settled through negotiations rather than non-battlefield.


6. Non-Alignment

Pakistan follows the policy of Non-Alignment i.e. to keep away from alignment with any big power bloc, and avoids taking sides in the cold war. It has also given up its association with SEATO and CENTO and was included in NAM in 1979.

Read more Chapter 10 - The Foreign Policy of Pakistan httpwww.friendsmania.netforumb-com-part-1-pakistan-studies-notes27010.htm#ixzz2JIuVJn46

reasons of 1958 marshall law

reasons of 1958 marshall law:
Declaration of martial law in 1958 was solely due to the fast political manoeuvres and changes that took plave in the country. During the period of 1955-57, a period of uncertainity prevailed as four Prime Ministers changed posts. Iskander Mirza was apointed as the First Presiden tof Pakistan under the 1956 Constitution. He wanted to appoint those people as Prime Minister who could serve as a puppet under his control. But this was not to be and Mirza couldnot develope proper working relations with them. Muhammad Ali Bogra was the first Prime Minister under Mirza but he soon resigned and was replaced by Chauhdry Muhammad Ali. hussain Shaheed suhrawardy, I.I.Chundrigar and Malik FerozKhan Noon succeeded him. Assemblies were dissolved frequently and the political situation in Pakistan became unstable. Introduction of the One-Minute Policy of Mirza created great dissatisfaction among East Pakistanis as they now lost the right to demand extra weightage in the assemblies. Keeping in view the unpleasant situation in the country and the fact that the population was not complying to the government, iskander Mirza, along with the aid of Ayub Khan, aborgated the Constitution and introduced Martial Law in Pakistan in 1958.

Role of Muslim League in the Creation of Pakistan

Role of Muslim League in the Creation of Pakistan

Introduction

Anti partition agitation staged by Hindus made it clear to the Muslims that they must have a separate political Organization.In December,1906 Muslim Leaders from all over the Sub Continent assembled in Dacca to attend the all India Mohammadan to establish a central political organization for Muslims called the "All India Muslim League" .The Muslim League was established with the primary aim of the protecting the political rights of Indian Muslims and presenting their demands and problems before the British Government.
FOUNDATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

The success of Simla Deputation made it imperative for the Muslims of the Sub Continent to have their own political organization .In 1906 ,the Muslims of India founded a political party of their own known as "All India Muslim League."
CAUSES OF MUSLIM LEAGUE'S FOUNDATION

The partition of Bengal by the British Government in 1905 greatly embittered the relations between Hindus and Muslims.The partition ensured a number of political benefits for the Muslim but the Hindus reacted towards the partitions of Bengal in a hostile and violent manner .This made it clear that the Hindus were not willing to give Muslims their due share.This violent protest of the Hindus convinced the educated Muslims that they could be redeemed only if they created their own political force and their own leadership.
AIMS OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

The aims of Muslim league are given below:

1.To safe guard and protect Muslims intrests and to convey their demands to British Government.

2.To create a feeling of respect and good will in Muslim for the British Government.

3.To promote brotherhood between the different nations of India.

ROLE OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

The role played by All India Muslim League in the creation of Pakistan is summarized under:
1.Minto-Morley Reform Act -1909

The Muslims under the able leadership of the Muslim league now began to press for the separate electorate for the Muslims.The authorities accepted their demand in Act,called "The Minto-Morley Reform Act",in 1909.
2.Lucknow Pack-1916

In November 1916,two committees of League and Congress met at Calcutta and drew an agreement draft of political reform for India called "Lucknow Pact".Through this pact the Congress recognized the separate status of Muslims.
3.Simon Commission

In 1927,Simon Commission was sent to India under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon to settle Muslim Hindu differences.It was rejected because there was no indian member on the commission.
4.Jinnah's Fourteen Points-1929

The Quaid-e-Azam refused to accept the Nehru-report.In order to protect the Muslim's point of view on the political issues of South Asia,he prepared a draft of guiding principles consisting of 14 points,popularly known as "Jinnah's Fourteen Points."


5.Allama Iqbal's Allahabad Address-1930

In 1930,in his presidential address at annual session of League at Allahabad,Iqbal proposed the formation of a separate Muslim State by combining Northern and South Western Muslim majority region in Sub Continent.
6.Day of Deliverance

On 22nd December ,Muslim League observed "Deliverance Day" to thank God for resignation of Congress Ministers.
7.Pakistan Resolution -1940

The attitude of the Hindus made it clear that the Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations.On March 23rd,at the Annual session of Muslim League at Lahore,the famous resolution ,commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution was passed.It presented by Maulvi Fazlul Haq.Quiad-e-Azam said in his address:

"By all means Muslims are one nation and they need a separate homeland where they could live their spiritual ,cultural ,economical,social and political lives independently."
8.Cripps Mission-1942

Sir Stafford Cripps was sent by the British Government to India,to discuss with Indian leaders,the future Indian Constitution.His proposal was rejected by both the Congress and the League.The Congress characterized them as "a post-dated cheque on a failing bank" Jinnah said that:

"If these were accepted "Muslims would become a minority in their majority provinces as well."
9.Gandhi Jinnah Talks-1944

Gandhi held talks with Jinnah to discuss about the future of India,but no fruitful results came out of it because Gandhi did not accept Muslims as a separate nation."

Louis Feisher wrote:

"The wall between Jinnah and Gandhi was the Two Nation Theory ."
10.Simla Conference -1945

Lord Wavell called a conference at Simla.The conference failed to achieve any purpose due to one sided attitude of Lord Wavell.In this conference ,Quaid-e-Azam made it crystal clear that the Muslim League can represent Muslims of India.
11.General Elections-1945-1946

Elections for the central and provincial assemblies were held in 1945-1946 in which Muslim League won 30 seats of central legislative meant for Muslims and 430 seats out of 495 in the provincial legislative.Quiad-e-Azam said on this occassion:

"I have no doubt now in the acheivement of Pakistan.The Muslims of India told the world what they want.No power of world can topple the opinion of 10 crore Muslims of India."
12.Cabinet Mission-1946

Cabinet Mission a visited India in 1946 and submitted its recommendations to the Britishers.As a result Interium Government was formed but Congress and League couldn't co-operate amongst themselves.

13.Delhi Convention-1946

Quaid-e-Azam called a convention of all the Muslim League members at Delhi.At the convention every member took the pledge to under go any danger for the attainment of national goal of Pakistan.
14.3rd June Plan -1947

Lord Mount Batten prepared the plan for tranference of power according to the wish of people.He emphasized on the partition of the country and told that it was the only solution of the Indian political deadlock.Both League and Congress accepted the plan.


CONCLUSION

Muslim League thus got its object and Pakistan was created on 14th August 1947.In short we can say that the creation of Pakistan is the result of the ceaseless efforts of the Muslim League and the great heroes which dedicated their lives for the creation of Pakistan.If there were be no Muslim League the fate of the Muslims of the Sub Continent could not be changed.

Rural and urban society

Rural Societies
Pakistan is an agriculture country and 80% of its people form the rural population of the country. The villages, towns and small cities form the rural areas of Pakistan. Their main profession is cultivation and ploughing. The entire population of Pakistan is scattered and resides in villages, towns and big cities. They pursue different professions to earn their livelihood. Village is the most important and pivotal centre of rural life of Pakistan. Our villages badly lack in civic amenities. There is no proper system of drainage. The drinking water and electricity are not available in a large number of our villages. There are no hospitals, schools, post offices and markets in most of the villages making the life difficult and unhygienic. The village population, due to the difficult living environs in the villages, keeps on migrating to urban areas where better facilities of social life and brighter chances of earning sustenance are available.

Urban areas in Pakistan completely differ from rural areas in the life pattern. The urban areas are the centre of social life with greater facilities and amenities of life.
The urban population of Pakistan represents about a third of the total. Two cities have a dominating position – Karachi and Lahore. Since the 1960s, government policy has been directed towards the dispersal of industry, which had become heavily concentrated in Karachi. As a consequence, urban growth has been more evenly distributed among several cities. Rapid and unplanned urban expansion has been parallel by deterioration in living conditions, particularly in the housing conditions of lower income groups. Many urban households are unable to pay rent for the cheapest form of available housing and live in makeshift shacks. Water supply and sewerage system are inadequate, and in many areas residents have to share communal water taps. Inadequate urban transport is also a major problem.

Salient Features of Pakistani Culture

DEFINITION OF CULTURE

Culture may be defined as behaviour perculiar to human beings,together with material objects used.Culture consists of language,ideas,beliefs,customs,codes,institution,tools,techniques,works of arts,ceremonies and so on.According to Allama Iqbal:

“Culture encompasses all the mental,Spiritual and Physical activities of a Nation.It includes the basic beliefs and faith,values and literature ,aart and architecture,music and mode of dress,manners and customs prevalent in a given Society.”

PAKISTANI CULTURE IS A ISLAMIC CULTURE

Pakistan is an ideological Islamic State.Its very existence is due to Islam,so the Pakistani culture is primarily based on the Islamic way of life.All other ingredients of culture are inspired by Islam.Pakistani culture is highlighted by its grandeur,simplicity,firm convictions and noble deeds and ideas.

SALIENT FEATURES OF PAKISTANI CULTURE

The main characteristics of Pakistani culture are as follows:

1.Religious Uniformity

Pakistan came into existence to provide its people a system of life based on Islam.The people ,in spite of some differences of languages,customs and traditions commonly follow one religion of Islam.This is the religion,which is practiced by all people of Pakistan.

2.Language

A number of languages are spoken in Pakistan.Some of them are Punjabi,Sindhi,Pushto and Baluchi.But Urdu is spoken and understand in all parts of Pakistan.Being the official language,it is the media of communication between all regions of Pakistan.

3.Literatur and Poetry

Literature is an important aspects of our cultural life.Most of our poets reflect Islamic code and trend in their poetry.They gave the message of love and brotherhood.Simlarity of thoughts amongst poets and writers of all regions is an important factor of our cultural life.

4.Dress and Diet

Dress is an important manifestation of culture.The regional dresses of Pakistan under go changes in the light of local traditions,economic conditions,way of living and wealth in the region.But in all provinces people generally wear Shalwar Qameez.

Our eating habits,foods and social etquette are stricktly in conformity with Islamic principles.

5.Mixed Culture

Pakistani culture is a mixed culture although majority of people are Muslims by birth and faith .But there is great influence of Hindu and British culture on the present Pakistani society.

6.Male Dominated Society

In Pakistani culture the male member of the family enjoys the key position.Family is headed by a male member and in most cases,he is the soul sources of income for other members of the family.

7.Arts and Architecture

The iconoclasm of Islam has given a characteristic form and pattern in the use of elwgant designs,based on geometric figures and floral forms borrowed from nature.The Shah Jahan Masjid,Shalimar Garden,Badshahi Masjid,Shahi Qila and many such graceful buildings are a living proof of the exellent Mughal architecture.

8.Handicrafts

Embroidery,Leather works,glazed pottery,wood work,carpet making,metal crafts,ivory are the essential parts of our culture.Pakistani craftsmen are considered as the best in their craftsmanship.They are known for the high quality works which is very popular in foreign countries.

9.Recreational Activities-Sports

The recreational activities all over the Pakistan are common.The games like wrestling,hockey, cricket, football, squash, Kabaddi etc are popular in every part of our country.These games reflect our cultural identity.

10.Education

Education contributes a great deal in developing national character.Educational system plays a vital role in the formation of culture,unity and solidarity of a nation.it is,therefore,important that the entire syllabi right from the lower to higher level should be placed in accordance with the ideology of Pakistan.

11.Religious Festivals

Festivals play an important part of our culture.Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha are our two main religious festivals .They are celebrated with great happiness throughout the country.

12.Ulema,Mushaikh and Sufi Poets

Ulema,Mashaikh and Sufi Poets occupy an honoured place in our cultural aspect of life.Sufis like Lal Shahbaz,Data Ganj Baksh,Shah Abdul Lateef,Sachal Sarmast,Hazrat Sultan Bahu and Waris Shah rendered meritorious services for the spread of Islam in the Sub Continent.

CONCLUSION

Culture which includes religion,literature art,architecture,dresses,music,manners and customs has its roots in the Islamic culture.Islam has described the rights and duties of every individual.Even in drinking,eating and dressing,we have to observe certain rules prescribed by Islam.So it may be said that Pakistani culture represents the true picture of Islamic culture.

Salient Features Of The Constitution Of 1973

Constitution Of 1973

Background:

After the debacle of 1971, the country faced serious political and constitutional problems. The Constitution of 1962 had been abolished. Zulifqar Ali Bhutto when took over the reins of the country, he gave a serious attention towards the framing of a new constitution for the country. The National assembly appointed a committee on 17th February, 1972. The committee was headed by Hafiz Pirzada to frame a draft constitution for the new constitution. The committee submitted the draft constitution in the National Assembly on 2nd February, 1973. The draft was passed by the assembly and the President gave his assent on April 12, 1973. It was promulgated on 14th August, 1973.

Salient Features Of The Constitution Of 1973:

a)    Written Constitution:

The constitution of 1973 is a written document. It consists of twelve parts comprising of 27 Chapters and 280 Articles. The twelve parts deals with the following topics.

Part One= Introductory Part
Part Two= Deals with Fundamental Rights
Part Three= Deals with the Federation Of Pakistan
Part Four= Deals with the Provinces
Part five= Deals with the links between Federation and Provinces
Part Six= Deals with the matters like finance, property and contracts.
Part Seven= Deals with Judiciary
Part Eight= Deals With Electoral System
Part Nine= Deals with Islamic Provisions
Part Ten= Deals with emergency
Part Eleven= Deals with Amendment Procedure
Part Twelve= Deals with Miscellaneous matters.

b)    Introductory:

The constitution of 1973 commences with an introductory in which Objective Resolution is included which declares God’s sovereignty over the Universe.

c)    Rigid Constitution:

It is a rigid Constitution means it is not easy to make amendment to it. only Two-third majority of both the houses of Parliament is required for any amendment.

d)    Federal System:

The constitution introduced a federal system in the country. According to this system, the country consisted of federal government and four provinces. President is the Head of the State.

e)    Federal system Of Government:

Unlike the Constitution of 1962, the Constitution of 1973 introduced a parliamentary system of Government in the country. Prime Minister is the Head of the government. He is the leader of the majority party in the parliament. He runs the affairs of the country with the help of a cabinet. The members of his cabinet are elected by the ministers of parliament. Prime Ministers enjoy wide powers.

f)    Bicameral Legislature:

Unlike the constitution of 1956 and 1962, this constitution set up a bicameral legislature comprising of a National Assembly (Majlis-e-Shoora) and a Senate. The tenure of the National Assembly is five years. The Senators are elected for the term of 6 years. Half of the members of Senate retire after every three years.

g)    Direct Elections:

The Constitution of 1973 provides for a direct system of election to the members of national and provisional assemblies. The elections are held on adult franchise basis.

h)    Fundamental Rights:

This constitution guarantees the following fundamental rights to all citizens, these are:

i) Security of person and property
ii) Safeguard against slavery and forced labour
iii) Freedom of Movement
iv) Freedom Of Speech
v) Freedom Of Peaceful assembly
vi) Freedom to hold property
vii) Freedom to earn livelihood
viii) Equality before law
ix) Freedom to profess religion
x) Protection of language and culture

j) Independent Judiciary:

This constitution has set up independent judiciary in the country. The Judges are appointed by the President of Pakistan but they cannot be removed from services without the recommendations of Supreme Judicial Council.

k) High Treason:

This constitution declares that any unlawful abolishment of the constitution of Pakistan would be considered a high treason.

l) Rule Of Law:

The constitution has established rule of law in the country. According to this constitution the people of Pakistan are guaranteed their fundamental rights and all of them are equal before law.

m) National Language:

Urdu has been declared national and English as an official language.

n) Single Citizenship:

This constitution has enforced the principle of single citizenship in Pakistan. According to this provision, the duties and rights of the citizens are determined by the federal constitution only. Thus throughout the country the people are the citizens of Pakistan only.

o) Principle Of Policy:

The following principles of policy have been laid down in the constitution of 1973.

•    Local Bodies will be set up for solving local problems.
•    The parochial prejudices will be discouraged.
•    The women shall be given equal representation in all spheres of life.
•    The rights of minorities will be protected.
•    Links with Muslim countries will be promoted.
•    People from all parts of the country allowed to serve in Armed Forces.
•    State shall promote social justice.

p) Islamic Provisions:

The Constitution included following Islamic provisions:
•    Country was named as Islamic Republic Of Pakistan.
•    God’s sovereignty was declared over the universe and authority delegated by Him is a sacred trust.
•    Islam was declared as a State religion of Pakistan.
•    Teachings of Holy Quran and Arabic made compulsory in the country.
•    Muslims shall be allowed to mould their lives according to the teachings of Islam.
•    Prime Minister and President should be Muslims.
•    During oath-taking ceremony, both Prime Minister and President must declare that they believe in the Oneness of God/Almighty Allah, the sacred revealed books of Allah with the Holy Quran being the last of all and the Prophet hood of Muhammad (PBUH) as the last prophet of Allah.
•    Parliament was given the Islamic name as Majlis-e-Shoora.
•    Establishment of Council of Islamic Ideology to bring all the existing laws into conformity with the injunctions of Holy Quran and Sunnah and advice the President, National Assembly, Senate, Governor or Provincial Assemblies on Islamic matters.
•    Promotion of friendly relations with the Islamic countries be promoted.

q) Referendum:

This constitution allows the President to hold referendum on national issues of extreme importance. Prime Minister can also ask the President to hold referendum on any national issue.

Critical Analysis:

In light of the previous experience, the Constitution of 1973 was more Islamic in character than the previous ones. Emphasis was made to establish a real Islamic system in all aspects of social life. Keeping this objective in mind, more Islamic provisions were laid down in the Constitution of 1973. The Constitution recognized Islam as the religion of the country and enjoined upon the State to serve the cause of Islam and to bring all existing laws in conformity with Islam. The Islamic Advisory Council was set up to recommend ways and means to bring existing laws of the country in conformity with the Islamic principles.

The Constitution of 1973 remained in force for nearly four years. It was, however, suspended by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, who imposed Martial Law in the country on July 5, 1979. However, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq who ran the country with Martial Law passed the Eighth Amendment in the Constitution in 1985. This Amendment empowered the President to dissolve the National Assembly under Article 58(2) b. This Article was later repealed by the Parliament during Nawaz Sharif's era through Thirteenth Amendment introduced on April 1, 1997. The Thirteenth Amendment was in turn repealed by the Legal Framework Order of 2002, which effectively restored the discretionary powers of the President enacted by the Eighth Amendment.

Separation Of East Pakistan

Causes Of The Separation Of East Pakistan

Background:
When Pakistan came into being in 1947, it consisted of two wings; East Pakistan and West Pakistan. These two wings were separated by 1000 miles long territory on India. Right from its birth, Pakistan became a focus of Indian conspiracy and aggression. In 1971, the Bengalis revolted against Pakistan with active Indian support. As a result, in December 1971, East Pakistan succeeded in seceding from Pakistan.

Causes Of Separation Of East Pakistan:

a)    Role Of Hindu Teachers:

After the partition of sub-continent in 1947, the number of Hindu teachers far exceeded Muslim teachers both in the schools and the colleges. The Hindu teachers were basically against the ideology of Pakistan thus they propagated against the two-nation theory. In addition, they incited their students against the people of West Pakistan labelling them as oppressors. Consequently, the new generation of East Pakistan considered the leaders and the people of West Pakistan as their enemies.

b)    Irresponsible Leadership Of Muslim League:

There is no doubt that all-India Muslim League played a very important role in the creation of Pakistan but after the independence Pakistan Muslim League fell victim of party dissention and lack of leadership. After the death of Quaid-e-Azam in 1948 and the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951, the political leaders of PML joined race for power and preferred personal interests over national interests. As a result, corruption, bribery, black-marketing and anti-state activities became order of the day. In East Pakistan, PML suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Awami League.

c)    Economic Backwardness Of East Pakistan:

The economy of East Pakistan depended mainly on the income from tea, jute and rice only. There were no other sourced to boost the provincial revenues. Overpopulation was yet another factor unemployment which led to many other social evils. India exploited this weakness of Bengalis in 1971.

d)    Geographical Location:

Geographically Pakistan was not a politically compact unit because it consisted of two wings which were separated by 1000 miles distance. With the passage of time, the binding force of Islamic Ideology weakened and regional feelings suffered under Hindu influence. The geographical distance between two wings served as a barrier in the way of complete political harmony. In the 1971 Indo-Pak war, this distance prevented military reinforcements to the besieged garrison of East Pakistan.

e)    Cultural Causes:

The culture of Bengalis differed greatly from the Punjabis, Pathans, Sindhis and Balochis. Their food, language and ways of living were distinct from the people of West Pakistan.

f)    Linguist Problem:

The people of East Pakistan spoke Bengali language which was quite differ from Sindhi, Punjabi and Balochi. This difference created a great linguistic problem at the national level because a large number of people of East Pakistan spoke Bengali and they demanded that Bengali should be given the status of national language.

g)    Delay In Framing Of Constitution:

Unfortunately, after the death of Quaid-e-Azam and Liaquat Ali Khan, Pakistan could not get a sincere leadership like them. To make the things worse Malik Ghulam Mohammad as the second Governor-General set new traditions of palace intrigues and horse-trading in the country. The tussle between the Bengalis and the Punjabis brought the country on the bank of catastrophe. Under these circumstances, the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan could not frame the constitution in time and nine years elapsed in this process. Delay in constitution-making allowed the anti-state elements to prosper at the cost of national unity.

h)    Mujib’s Six Points:

In 1970, Mujib-ur-Rehman, the leader of Awami League put forward his famous six points which sowed the seeds of secession of East Pakistan. According to these points, he demanded a new financial policy for East Pakistan, permission for provinces to levy taxes, permission for east Pakistan to maintain independent trade links with other countries and permission for East Pakistan to establish its own Para-military force. He suggested that the centre should keep only Defence and Foreign relations under its control.

i)    Role Of India:

India was instrumental in organizing and supporting the revolt of Bengalis against Pakistan. Indian government provided full military and financial assistance to the guerrillas of Awami League. During the 1971 Indo-Pak war, Indian trained members of Mukti Bahni created many problems for Pakistan army. After creating favourable circumstances India attacked East Pakistan under the pretext of supporting the Bengalis.

j)    International Conspiracy:

After Independence in 1947, Pakistan fell victim of international conspiracy which was masterminded by Jews and Hindu. These anti-Islamic lobbies did not want to see Pakistan to become the citadel of Islam.

k)    Military Operation In East Pakistan:

In 1971 Awami League won overwhelming majority in general elections. At this stage, Gen. Yahiya Kahn did not hand over powers to Mujib-ur-Rehman and instead launched a military operation in East Pakistan to suppress the Bengalis. Gen. Tika Khan used brutal force to bulldoze the opposition. This oppressive policy created hatred against West Pakistan.

Conclusion:

If there was a consistent and tragic pattern during the first 24 years in the Pakistan’s history, it seemed to be that the more the power elite tried to preserve unity of the political system, the more certain did its eventual disintegration became. Among the factors that resulted in the separation of East Pakistan, two precipitous factors were:

a)    The reign of terror and killings unleashed by the Pak-Army during March-December 1971.
b)    The intervention of the Indian Army in the civil war in December 1971.

All the above-mentioned factors were irreparable for the separation of East Pakistan in December 1971.

the importance of industrialization

Industrialization plays an important role in the economic prosperity and growth of a nation.In any economy there are mainly two fields namely agriculture and industry in which it can specialize .
Industry occupies a key position and significant role the development of a country.


1.
Industrialization plays an important role in the economic prosperity and growth of a nation.In any economy there are mainly two fields namely agriculture and industry in which it can specialize .

2.
In olden days it was a misconception that one must be chosen between agriculture and industry.research reveals that both the sectors of the economy must go in cohesion to make a nation prosper agriculture provides raw material to the industry where as industry provides powerful machinery for fruitful and encouraging results in agriculture sector.

3.
industrialized nations have high gross domestic products. their per capita income is comparably higher than agriculture based countries. deficit in account took place in Pakistan from its initial days and one of the reason for it was importing of expensive machinery to start the economic cycle and industrializing Pakistan.

4.
electronic products have stable and high prices due to its innovation in the world market ,where as prices of agricultural products are fragile to climatic conditions that is why they are sold at the throw away prices in the world market.

5.
the whole outlook of a nation modernize because of industrialization. people acquire jobs in urban center with decent pay scale and availability of consumer goods is cheap and easy due to local production.

6.
it is evident in the current scenario that industrialized nations are the richest in the world like america,japan and now china. china transformed from an agricultural economy to the industrialized nation.now they have surpassed the economy of japan and considered the second best economy of the world after america. India is trying to speed up the process of industrializing their economy.

7.
nations which are confined to agriculture only,lack behind in the economies of the world,their antiquated methods are no match to the corporate sector style of agriculture in industrialized nations.

The Objectives Resolution (1949)

The Objectives Resolution (1949)

The Objectives Resolution was the first constitutional document that proved to be the ‘foundation’ of the constitutional developments in Pakistan. It provided parameters and sublime principles to the legislators. It made the constitution-making process easy task setting some particular objectives before them that would be acceptable to the people of Pakistan who had suffered a lot under the Hindu-dominated majority. The Resolution was moved by Liaquat Ali Khan, the then Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, and approved on March 12, 1949.

The objective resolution:

Features:

Sovereignty:

1. Sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Almighty Allah alone.

A sacred trust:

2. The 2nd principle is an extension of the first which says that the authority which He has delegated to the state of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust.

The constitution:

3. The Constitution will be framed for sovereign, independent state of Pakistan.

The representatives of the people:

4. The state shall exercise its power through the representatives of the people.

5. Principles of Democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice as enunciated by Islam will be fully observed.

Islamic principles:

6. Muslims shall be enabled to organize their lives in accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Quran and the Sunnah.

Minorities:

7. The 7th principle outlined in the OR of March 1949 is that the minorities will have freedom to freely profess and practice their religions and develop their cultures.

Human rights:

8. The 8th principle is very similar to the 7th that says Provisions for safeguarding the legitimate interests of minorities, backward and depressed classes. So in addition to the minorities the OR was also talking about the backward and the depressed classes.

Federation:

9. Pakistan shall be a Federation with autonomous units.

State’s sovereignty:

10. State’s sovereignty and territorial integrity will be protected.

International norms:

11. People of Pakistan should have an opportunity to prosper and to attain their rightful place in the comity of nations and make contribution towards international peace progress and happiness of humanity.

Importance

The Objectives Resolution is a basic and primary document of the constitutional history of Pakistan. It is a framework that provides mechanism to achieve goals for a better life of the people of Pakistan. Whenever we discuss history of constitution making even history of politics OR is very important. It’s important that it embraces centrality of Islam to polity sustaining their links with the pre-independence period and the post independence period. The AIML leaders were modernist Muslims not in favour of an orthodox religious state. Therefore, they selected the middle way abiding by the Islamic laws and the international democratic values. The Resolution remained ‘Preamble of all the constitutions due to its importance. And during the period of General Zia-ul-Haq OR was incorporated in the constitution of Pakistan as the article 2-A.

Two Nation Theory

Introduction

The Two Nation theory in its simplest way means the cultural, political, religious, economic and social dissimilarities between the two major communities, Hindus and Muslim of the Sub Continent. These differences of out look, in fact, were greatly instrumental in giving rise to two distinct political ideologies which were responsible for the partition of India into two independent states.
The Basis of the Creation of Pakistan

The Two Nation Theory was the basis of the struggle for creation of Pakistan which held that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations. They in spite of living together for centuries could not forget their individual culture and civilization.
There are a few factors which split the inhabitants of the Sub Continent into two nations. Let us examine each of them separately.
Religious Differences

Islam preaches Tawheed (Oneness of Allah) and believes in equality of man before law. Muslims are the believers of God, the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), the Holy book Quran and hold a cohesive approach towards life.
Hinduism, on the other hand is based on the concept of multiple Gods. Their society follows a caste system and is divided into four classes and has a very narrow approach towards life.
Hindu Nationalism

The Hindu nationalist leaders totally ignored the great contribution made by the Muslims in the Indian society by way of promoting education and other social activities. Their writings and ideas flared up the communal discord between Hindus and Muslims to further pollute the political condition.
Cultural Differences

Muslim followed the Islamic culture, while Hindus inherited a self build culture. The Hindus burnt their dead bodies while Muslim burred them. Hindus considered the 'Mother Cow' as a sacred animal and worshiped it while Muslims slaughtered it. They performed 'Sati' while Muslims abhorred this tradition.
Social Differences

The two communities of the Sub-Continent differ in their social life as well as the clothes the foods, the household utensils, the layout of homes, the words of salutation, the gestures and every thing about them was different and immediately pointed to the distinctive origin.
Economic Differences

After 1857, the Muslim economic was crushed. The Muslims were thrown out of Government services and their estates and properties were confiscated, while the Hindus were provided with ample opportunities to progress economically.
Educational Differences

The Hindus had advanced in the educational field because they quickly and readily took to the English education. While Muslims did not receive modern education which heavily affected their economic conditions.
Political Differences

the political differences between the Hindus and Muslims have played an important role in the development and evolution of the Two Nation Theory.
Hindi Urdu Controversy

In 1867, the Hindus demanded that Urdu should be written in Hindi Script instead of Persian script. This created another gap between Hindus and Muslims.
Congress Attitude

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885. It claimed to represent all communities of India but oppressed all Muslim ideas and supported the Hindus.
Partition of Bengal

In 1905, the partition of Bengal ensured a number of political benefits for the Muslims but the Hindus launched an agitation against the partition and partition was annulled in 1911.
Language

The Muslim and Hindus wrote and spoke two different languages. The Muslim spoke Urdu and it was written in Arabic Script. On the other hand, the Hindi language was spoken by Hindus and it was written in Sanskrit.
Sir Syed Ahmed - The Pioneer of Two Nation Theory

The entire freedom movement revolved around the two nation theory which was introduced by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He considered all those lived in India as one nation and was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. Speaking at the meeting of nation and was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. Speaking at the meeting of nation and was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. Speaking at the meeting of Indian Association he said:
"I look to both Hindus and Muslims with the same eyes and consider them as my own eyes. By the word 'Nation' I mean only Hindus and Muslims and nothing else. We Hindus and Muslims live together on the same soil under the same government. Our interests and problems are common, and therefore, I consider the two factions as one nation."
Two Nation Theory in the View of Allama Iqbal

Allama Iqbal was the first important figure who propounded the idea of separate homeland on the basis of two nation theory. In the annual session of Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930, he said:
"India is a continent of human beings belonging to different languages and professing different religions ... I, therefore, demand the formation of consolidated Muslim state in the best interests of the Muslims of India and Islam."
Quaid-e-Azam's Statement on Two Nation Theory

He expounded the two nation's theory in such detail that most Muslims and even some Hindus came to believe in its truth. He declared:
"Muslims are not a minority; they are one nation by every definition of the word nation. By all canons of international law we are a nation."
Quaid-e-Azam reiterated that Hindus and Muslims could ever evolve a common nationality was an idle dream.
In 1973, he said:
"Hindustan is neither one country, nor its inhabitant's one nation. This is sub continent which consists of many nations of which the Hindus and Muslims are two major nation."

Conclusion:
Two nation theory is the basis of the creation of Pakistan because without it Pakistan would not come into being on 14th August, 1947Two Nation Theory